How is HIV passed from one person to another?
Which body
fluids transmit
HIV?
How well does
HIV survive
outside the body?
Can I get HIV
from kissing?
Can I get HIV
from oral
sex?
Can I get HIV
from anal
sex?
Can I get HIV
from vaginal
sex?
Is there a
connection
between HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases?
Why is
injecting drugs a
risk for HIV?
Are health
care workers at
risk of getting HIV on the job?
Are patients
in a health
care setting at risk of getting HIV?
Are lesbians
or other
women who have sex with women at risk for HIV?
Can I get HIV
from getting
a tattoo or through body piercing?
Can I get HIV
from a bite?
Can I get HIV
from casual
contact (shaking hands, hugging, using a toilet, drinking from the same
glass, or the sneezing and coughing of an infected person)?
Can I get HIV
from
mosquitoes?
Can I get HIV
while
playing sports?
How
is HIV passed from
one person to another?
HIV transmission can occur when blood, semen
(cum),
pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal fluid, or breast milk from an
infected person enters the body of an uninfected person.
HIV can enter the body through a vein (e.g.,
injection
drug use), the lining of the anus or rectum, the lining of the vagina
and/or cervix, the opening to the penis, the mouth, other mucous
membranes (e.g., eyes or inside of the nose), or cuts and sores.
Intact, healthy skin is an excellent barrier against HIV and other
viruses and bacteria.
These are the most common ways that HIV is
transmitted
from one person to another:
- by having sex (anal, vaginal, or oral) with an
HIV-infected person;
- by sharing needles or injection equipment with
an
injection drug user who is infected with HIV; or
- from HIV-infected women to their babies before
or
during birth, or through breast-feeding after birth.
HIV also can be transmitted through receipt of
infected
blood or blood clotting factors. However, since 1985, all donated blood
in the United States has been tested for HIV. Therefore, the risk of
infection through transfusion of blood or blood products is extremely
low. The U.S. blood supply is considered to be among the safest in the
world.
(...)
Some health-care workers have become infected
after
being stuck with needles containing HIV-infected blood or, less
frequently when infected blood comes in contact with a worker's open
cut or is splashed into a worker's eyes or inside their nose. There has
been only one instance of patients being infected by an HIV-infected
dentist to his patients.
For more information, see "Are
health care workers at risk of getting HIV on the job?"
and "Are patients in a health
care setting at risk of
getting HIV?"
(...)
Which body
fluids transmit
HIV?
These body fluids have been shown to contain
high
concentrations of HIV:
- blood
- semen
- vaginal fluid
- breast milk
- other body fluids containing blood
The following are additional body fluids that may transmit the virus
that health care workers may come into contact with:
- fluid surrounding the brain and the spinal cord
- fluid surrounding bone joints
- fluid surrounding an unborn baby
HIV has been found in the saliva and tears of some persons living with
HIV, but in very low quantities. It is important to understand that
finding a small amount of HIV in a body fluid does not necessarily mean
that HIV can be transmitted by that body fluid. HIV has not been
recovered from the sweat of HIV-infected persons. Contact with saliva,
tears, or sweat has never been shown to result in transmission of HIV.
How
well does HIV
survive outside the body?
Scientists and medical authorities agree that HIV does not survive well
outside the body, making the possibility of environmental transmission
remote. HIV is found in varying concentrations or amounts in blood,
semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, saliva, and tears. To obtain data on
the survival of HIV, laboratory studies have required the use of
artificially high concentrations of laboratory-grown virus. Although
these unnatural concentrations of HIV can be kept alive for days or
even weeks under precisely controlled and limited laboratory
conditions, CDC studies have shown that drying of even these high
concentrations of HIV reduces the amount of infectious virus by 90 to
99 percent within several hours. Since the HIV concentrations used in
laboratory studies are much higher than those actually found in blood
or other specimens, drying of HIV-infected human blood or other body
fluids reduces the theoretical risk of environmental transmission to
that which has been observed - essentially zero. Incorrect
interpretations of conclusions drawn from laboratory studies have in
some instances caused unnecessary alarm.
Results from laboratory studies should not be used to assess specific
personal risk of infection because (1) the amount of virus studied is
not found in human specimens or elsewhere in nature, and (2) no one has
been identified as infected with HIV due to contact with an
environmental surface. Additionally, HIV is unable to reproduce outside
its living host (unlike many bacteria or fungi, which may do so under
suitable conditions), except under laboratory conditions; therefore, it
does not spread or maintain infectiousness outside its host.
Can
I get HIV from
kissing?
On the Cheek:
HIV is not transmitted casually, so kissing on the
cheek
is very safe. Even if the other person has the virus, your unbroken
skin is a good barrier. No one has become infected from such ordinary
social contact as dry kisses, hugs, and handshakes.
Open-Mouth Kissing:
Open-mouth kissing is considered a very low-risk
activity for the transmission of HIV. However, prolonged open-mouth
kissing could damage the mouth or lips and allow HIV to pass from an
infected person to a partner and then enter the body through cuts or
sores in the mouth. Because of this possible risk, the CDC recommends
against open-mouth kissing with an infected partner.
One case suggests that a woman became infected
with HIV
from her sex partner through exposure to contaminated blood during
open-mouth kissing.
For more information refer to the July 11, 1997,
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report “Transmission
of HIV Possibly Associated with Exposure of Mucous Membrane to
Contaminated Blood”.
Can I get HIV from oral sex?
Yes, it is possible for either partner to become
infected with HIV through performing or receiving oral sex. There have
been a few cases of HIV transmission from performing oral sex on a
person infected with HIV. While no one knows exactly what the degree of
risk is, evidence suggests that the risk is less than that of
unprotected anal or vaginal sex.
If the person performing oral sex has HIV, blood
from
their mouth may enter the body of the person receiving oral sex through
- the lining of the urethra (the opening at the
tip of
the penis);
- the lining of the vagina or cervix;
- the lining of the anus; or
- directly into the body through small cuts or
open
sores.
If the person receiving oral sex has HIV, their
blood,
semen (cum), pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), or vaginal fluid may contain
the virus. Cells lining the mouth of the person performing oral sex may
allow HIV to enter their body.
The risk of HIV transmission increases
- if the person performing oral sex has cuts or
sores
around or in their mouth or throat;
- if the person receiving oral sex ejaculates in
the
mouth of the person performing oral sex; or
- if the person receiving oral sex has another
sexually
transmitted disease (STD).
Not having (abstaining from) sex is the most
effective
way to avoid HIV.
If you choose to perform oral sex, and your
partner is
male,
- use a latex condom on the penis; or
- if you or your partner is allergic to latex,
plastic
(polyurethane) condoms can be used.
Studies have shown that latex condoms are very
effective, though not perfect, in preventing HIV transmission when used
correctly and consistently. If either partner is allergic to latex,
plastic (polyurethane) condoms for either the male or female can be
used. For more information about latex condoms, see "Male
Latex
Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases."
If you choose to have oral sex, and your partner
is
female,
- use a latex barrier (such as a natural rubber
latex
sheet, a dental dam or a cut-open condom that makes a square) between
your mouth and the vagina. A latex barrier such as a dental dam reduces
the risk of blood or vaginal fluids entering your mouth. Plastic food
wrap also can be used as a barrier.
If you choose to perform oral sex with either a
male or
female partner and this sex includes oral contact with your partners
anus (analingus or rimming),
- use a latex barrier (such as a natural rubber
latex
sheet, a dental dam or a cut-open condom that makes a square) between
your mouth and the anus. Plastic food wrap also can be used as a
barrier.
If you choose to share sex toys with your partner,
such
as dildos or vibrators,
- each partner should use a new condom on the sex
toy;
and
- be sure to clean sex toys between each use.
Can I get HIV from anal sex?
Yes. In fact, unprotected (without a condom) anal
sex
(intercourse) is considered to be very risky behavior. It is possible
for either sex partner to become infected with HIV during anal sex. HIV
can be found in the blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, or vaginal fluid
of a person infected with the virus. In general, the person receiving
the semen is at greater risk of getting HIV because the lining of the
rectum is thin and may allow the virus to enter the body during anal
sex. However, a person who inserts his penis into an infected partner
also is at risk because HIV can enter through the urethra (the opening
at the tip of the penis) or through small cuts, abrasions, or open
sores on the penis.
Not having (abstaining from) sex is the most
effective
way to avoid HIV. If people choose to have anal sex, they should use a
latex condom. Most of the time, condoms work well. However, condoms are
more likely to break during anal sex than during vaginal sex. Thus,
even with a condom, anal sex can be risky. A person should use generous
amounts of water-based lubricant in addition to the condom to reduce
the chances of the condom breaking.
For more information on latex condoms, see "Male
Latex
Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases."
Can I get HIV
from vaginal
sex?
Yes, it is possible for either partner to become
infected with HIV through vaginal sex* (intercourse). In fact, it is
the most common way the virus is transmitted in much of the world. HIV
can be found in the blood, semen (cum), pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum) or
vaginal fluid of a person infected with the virus.
In women, the lining of the vagina can sometimes
tear
and possibly allow HIV to enter the body. HIV can also be directly
absorbed through the mucous membranes that line the vagina and cervix.
In men, HIV can enter the body through the urethra
(the
opening at the tip of the penis) or through small cuts or open sores on
the penis.
Risk for HIV infection increases if you or a
partner has
a sexually transmitted disease (STD). See also "Is
there a connection between HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases?"
Not having (abstaining from) sex is the most
effective
way to avoid HIV. If you choose to have vaginal sex, use a latex condom
to help protect both you and your partner from HIV and other STDs.
Studies have shown that latex condoms are very effective, though not
perfect, in preventing HIV transmission when used correctly and
consistently. If either partner is allergic to latex, plastic
(polyurethane) condoms for either the male or female can be used.
For more information on latex condoms, see "Male
Latex
Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases."
(...)
* For the purpose of this
FAQ, vaginal
sex or intercourse refers to sexual activity between a man and a woman
involving the insertion of the penis into the vagina.
Is there a
connection
between HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases?
Yes. Having a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
can
increase a person's risk of becoming infected with HIV, whether the STD
causes open sores or breaks in the skin (e.g., syphilis, herpes,
chancroid) or does not cause breaks in the skin (e.g., chlamydia,
gonorrhea).
If the STD infection causes irritation of the
skin,
breaks or sores may make it easier for HIV to enter the body during
sexual contact. Even when the STD causes no breaks or open sores, the
infection can stimulate an immune response in the genital area that can
make HIV transmission more likely.
In addition, if an HIV-infected person is also
infected
with another STD, that person is three to five times more likely than
other HIV-infected persons to transmit HIV through sexual contact.
Not having (abstaining from) sexual intercourse is
the
most effective way to avoid all STDs, including HIV. For those who
choose to be sexually active, the following HIV prevention activities
are highly effective:
- Engaging in behaviors that do not involve
vaginal or
anal intercourse or oral sex
- Having sex with only one uninfected partner
- Using latex condoms every time you have sex
For more information on latex condoms, see "Male
Latex
Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases."
For more information about the connection between
HIV
and other STDs, see "The
Role of
STD Testing and Treatment in HIV Prevention."
Why is injecting drugs a risk for HIV?
At the start of every intravenous injection, blood
is
introduced into the needle and syringe. HIV can be found in the blood
of a person infected with the virus. The reuse of a blood-contaminated
needle or syringe by another drug injector (sometimes called "direct
syringe sharing") carries a high risk of HIV transmission because
infected blood can be injected directly into the bloodstream.
Sharing drug equipment (or "works") can be a risk
for
spreading HIV. Infected blood can be introduced into drug solutions by
- using blood-contaminated syringes to prepare
drugs;
- reusing water;
- reusing bottle caps, spoons, or other
containers
("spoons" and "cookers") used to dissolve drugs in water and to heat
drug solutions; or
- reusing small pieces of cotton or cigarette
filters
("cottons") used to filter out particles that could block the needle.
"Street sellers" of syringes may repackage used
syringes
and sell them as sterile syringes. For this reason, people who continue
to inject drugs should obtain syringes from reliable sources of sterile
syringes, such as pharmacies.
It is important to know that sharing a needle or
syringe
for any use, including skin popping and injecting steroids, can put one
at risk for HIV and other blood-borne infections.
For more information see “How
can
injection drug users reduce their risk for HIV infection?”
Are health
care workers at
risk of getting HIV on the job?
The risk of health care workers being exposed to
HIV on
the job is very low, especially if they carefully follow universal
precautions (i.e., using protective practices and personal protective
equipment to prevent HIV and other blood-borne infections). It is
important to remember that casual, everyday contact with an
HIV-infected person does not expose health care workers or anyone else
to HIV. For health care workers on the job, the main risk of HIV
transmission is through accidental injuries from needles and other
sharp instruments that may be contaminated with the virus; however even
this risk is small. Scientists estimate that the risk of infection from
a needle-stick is less than 1 percent, a figure based on the findings
of several studies of health care workers who received punctures from
HIV-contaminated needles or were otherwise exposed to HIV-contaminated
blood.
For more information on preventing occupational
exposure
to HIV, refer to the CDC fact sheet, “Preventing Occupational HIV
Transmission to Healthcare Personnel.”
Although the most important strategy for reducing
the
risk of occupational HIV transmission is to prevent occupational
exposures, plans for postexposure management of health care personnel
should be in place. For guidelines on management of occupational
exposure, refer to the June 29, 2001 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report, “Updated
U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of
Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for
Postexposure Prophylaxis.”
Are patients in a health care
setting at
risk of getting HIV?
Although HIV transmission is possible in health
care
settings, it is extremely rare. Medical experts emphasize that the
careful practice of infection control procedures, including universal
precautions (i.e., using protective practices and personal protective
equipment to prevent HIV and other blood-borne infections), protects
patients as well as health care providers from possible HIV
transmission in medical and dental offices and hospitals.
For more information on preventing occupational
exposure
to HIV, refer to the CDC fact sheet, “Preventing Occupational HIV
Transmission to Healthcare Personnel.”
In 1990, the CDC reported on an HIV-infected
dentist in
Florida who apparently infected some of his patients while doing dental
work. Studies of viral DNA sequences linked the dentist to six of his
patients who were also HIV-infected. The CDC has not yet been able to
establish how the transmission took place. No additional studies have
found any evidence of transmission from provider to patient in health
care settings.
CDC has documented rare cases of patients
contracting
HIV in health care settings from infected donor tissue. Most of these
cases occurred due to failures in following universal precautions and
infection control guidelines. Most also occurred early in the HIV
epidemic, before established screening procedures were in place.
For more information, see "Are
health care workers at risk of getting HIV on the job?"
or visit the health care worker section of the
CDC
National Prevention Information Network (NPIN) Web site
Are lesbians or other women who
have sex
with women at risk for HIV?
Female-to-female transmission of HIV appears to be
a
rare occurrence. However, there are case reports of female-to-female
transmission of HIV. The well documented risk of female-to-male
transmission of HIV shows that vaginal secretions and menstrual blood
may contain the virus and that mucous membrane (e.g., oral, vaginal)
exposure to these secretions has the potential to lead to HIV infection.
In order to reduce the risk of HIV transmission,
women
who have sex with women should do the following:
- Avoid exposure of a mucous membrane, such as
the
mouth, (especially non-intact tissue) to vaginal secretions and
menstrual blood.
- Use condoms consistently and correctly each and
every
time for sexual contact with men or when using sex toys. Sex toys
should not be shared. No barrier methods for use during oral sex have
been evaluated as effective by the FDA. However, natural rubber latex
sheets, dental dams, cut open condoms, or plastic wrap may offer some
protection from contact with body fluids during oral sex and possibly
reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
- Know your own and your partner’s HIV status.
This
knowledge can help uninfected women begin and maintain behavioral
changes that reduce the risk of becoming infected. For women who are
found to be infected, it can assist in getting early treatment and
avoiding infecting others.
For more information refer to “HIV/AIDS
among
Women Who Have Sex with Women”.
Can I get HIV from getting a
tattoo or
through body piercing?
A risk of HIV transmission does exist if
instruments
contaminated with blood are either not sterilized or disinfected or are
used inappropriately between clients. CDC
recommends that single-use instruments intended to penetrate
the
skin be used once, then disposed of. Reusable instruments or
devices that penetrate the skin and/or contact a client's
blood
should be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized between clients.
View
the CDC fact sheet on the sterilization of patient-care equipment and
HIV (from the CDC Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Web site).
Personal service workers who do tattooing or body
piercing should be educated about how HIV is transmitted and take
precautions to prevent transmission of HIV and other blood-borne
infections in their settings.
If you are considering getting a tattoo or having
your
body pierced, ask staff at the establishment what procedures they use
to prevent the spread of HIV and other blood-borne infections, such as
the hepatitis B virus. You also may call the local health department to
find out what sterilization procedures are in place in the local area
for these types of establishments.
Can I get HIV from a bite?
Human Bite:
In 1997, CDC published findings from a state
health
department investigation of an incident that suggested blood-to-blood
transmission of HIV by a human bite. There have been other rare reports
in the medical literature in which HIV appeared to have been
transmitted by a bite. Severe trauma with extensive tissue tearing and
damage and presence of blood were reported in each of these instances.
Biting is not a common way of transmitting HIV. In fact, there are
numerous reports of bites that did not result in
HIV
infection.
Non-Human Bite:
HIV is a virus that infects humans and thus cannot
be
transmitted to or carried by non-human animals. The only exception to
this is a few chimpanzees in laboratories that have been artificially
infected with HIV. Because HIV is not found in non-human animals it is
not possible for HIV to be transmitted from an animal bite, such as
from a dog or cat.
Some animals can carry viruses that are similar to
HIV,
such as FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) found in cats or SIV
(Simian Immunodeficiency Virus) found in apes. These viruses can only
exist in their specific animal host and are not transmissible to humans.
Can I get HIV from casual contact
(shaking hands, hugging, using a toilet, drinking from the same glass,
or the sneezing and coughing of an infected person)?
No. HIV is not transmitted by day-to-day contact
in the
workplace, schools, or social settings. HIV is not transmitted through
shaking hands, hugging, or a casual kiss. You cannot become infected
from a toilet seat, a drinking fountain, a door knob, dishes, drinking
glasses, food, or pets.
HIV is not an airborne or food-borne virus, and it
does
not live long outside the body. HIV can be found in the blood, semen,
or vaginal fluid of an infected person. The three main ways HIV is
transmitted are
- through having sex (anal, vaginal, or oral)
with
someone infected with HIV.
- through sharing needles and syringes with
someone who
has HIV.
- through exposure (in the case of infants) to
HIV
before or during birth, or through breast feeding.
For more information about HIV transmission, see "HIV and Its
Transmission."
Although contact with blood and other body
substances
can occur in households, transmission of HIV is rare in this setting. A
small number of transmission cases have been reported in which a person
became infected with HIV as a result of contact with blood or other
body secretions from an HIV-infected person in the household. For
information on these cases refer to the May 20, 1994 Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report, “Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission in Household Settings — United
States.”
Persons living with HIV and persons providing home
care
for those living with HIV should be fully educated and trained
regarding appropriate infection-control procedures.
You may view and/or download "Caring for Someone
with AIDS
at Home."
For more information on about providing home care
or
living with a person who is HIV-infected, visit the CDC
National Prevention
Information Network (NPIN) Web site,
Can I get HIV from mosquitoes?
No. From the start of the HIV epidemic there has
been
concern about HIV transmission from biting and bloodsucking insects,
such as mosquitoes. However, studies conducted by the CDC and elsewhere
have shown no evidence of HIV transmission from mosquitoes or any other
insects - even in areas where there are many cases of AIDS and large
populations of mosquitoes. Lack of such outbreaks, despite intense
efforts to detect them, supports the conclusion that HIV is not
transmitted by insects.
The results of experiments and observations of
insect
biting behavior indicate that when an insect bites a person, it does
not inject its own or a previously bitten person's or animal's blood
into the next person bitten. Rather, it injects saliva, which acts as a
lubricant so the insect can feed efficiently. Diseases such as yellow
fever and malaria are transmitted through the saliva of specific
species of mosquitoes. However, HIV lives for only a short time inside
an insect and, unlike organisms that are transmitted via insect bites,
HIV does not reproduce (and does not survive) in insects. Thus, even if
the virus enters a mosquito or another insect, the insect does not
become infected and cannot transmit HIV to the next human it bites.
There also is no reason to fear that a mosquito or
other
insect could transmit HIV from one person to another through
HIV-infected blood left on its mouth parts. Several reasons help
explain why this is so. First, infected people do not have constantly
high levels of HIV in their blood streams. Second, insect mouth parts
retain only very small amounts of blood on their surfaces. Finally,
scientists who study insects have determined that biting insects
normally do not travel from one person to the next immediately after
ingesting blood. Rather, they fly to a resting place to digest the
blood meal.
Can I get HIV while playing
sports?
There are no documented cases of HIV being
transmitted
during participation in sports. The very low risk of transmission
during sports participation would involve sports with direct body
contact in which bleeding might be expected to occur.
If someone is bleeding, their participation in the
sport
should be interrupted until the wound stops bleeding and is both
antiseptically cleaned and securely bandaged. There is no risk of HIV
transmission through sports activities where bleeding does not occur.
|